Youth in Entrepreneurship Development

 

Young ages are the role-model and future endeavors of the nation. Majority of them are poor with limited education. Despite of their energetic and laborious qualities, they are compelled to survive with lack of employment and less payment works. Since, to overcome this scarcity, youth must be involves in stimulating their own business skills and thereby develop the quality of entrepreneurship among local communities. In my opinion, while this makes rational sense, its actual practice is still questionable due to false concept, high-risk factor, autonomy behavior and other dimension of framework.

An entrepreneur play vital role for raising economy by innovating new skills and characteristics with their better utilization.

The following are the compulsory leading skills:-

1. Technical skills: Verbal communication, organizing capability, productive ability, training and coaching, monitoring, networking, familiar with new trend, technical writing and interpersonal skills.

2. Business Management Skills:

Relation maintaining, marketing, planning, budgeting, quick decision capacity, forecasting, negotiation, finance, workers management with identification and promotion etc.

3. Personal Skills Tactfulness, intelligence, patience, honesty, confidence, moral behavior, discipline, self-identification, farsightedness, research skills, self-reliance, leadership, strong risk taking, power maintaining, formal looking, formal and limited talking, emotional stability etc.

And following are the basic characteristics of entrepreneurship:

1. Economic activity Entrepreneurs majorly stands in economic behaviors which involves launching and designing of new projects by the maximum use of resources.

2. Creativity and innovation

Research oriented mind and ability to think new commercial ideas and implementing it in business characteristics of entrepreneurship. It continuously evaluates under the recent model of running enterprises and identifies new methods for efficient and qualitative operation.

3. Profit generation The sole-objectives of opening business enterprises is benefits. It is the risk and rewards of the effort made by entrepreneurs.

4. Risk Bearing

Many innovation and logic may often uncertain, and result may be negative. So "willingness to assume the risk" is major essence of entrepreneurship for future success. Since, the big ability of holding strong risk in business running is the foremost and vital characteristics of leader.
Many youngsters today dedicating themselves to switch their career in short period of time. They are quite less interested to develop skills and competencies to gain their required height. Hence, I usually opine that, it is much better to develop skills and ability for leisure activity rather than seeking a job and unhealthy competition with others.

Entrepreneurship is a phenomenon, a journey, not the destination. It is significant; in a view of being seeds of economic development, which imparts high employment, rise in per capita income, high living standard as well as balanced regional development. The importance of entrepreneurship development are discussed below:

1. Self-development:

It refers to constantly improving potentiality and credibility among individual to face any obstacles in future. A good entrepreneurs always looks for opportunities and utilize it for their best deeds.

2. Family Development: The family members of entrepreneurs also gain from the business and enhance living standard. The social status and income of family member raises by achieving greater independence of action.

3. Society/Community Development:

Other than self development and family development, entrepreneurship can also enhance social development. It opens up opportunities and fulfill unlimited needs, innovative goods and services. Modernization and infrastructure of community is possible through development of society.

4. National development: The services produced by entrepreneurs win the choice of public in their own country, there is no doubt that their business would expanded within countries and neighborhood nations too. These activities, obviously lift up the national economy and which is, in fact beneficial for overall national development.

5. Spiritual Development:

An entrepreneurs should take care about illegal actions and fraud involved in business activities. Little things matters a lot. In this context, every institution should remember about practicing good moral values and should have clean hands. Preventing and caring of unity destructive activities in human beings like violation of region, caste, culture, skin color and so on. In this way, entrepreneurs can promote spiritual development.

6. Investment for Future:

The economic patterns of business institution rise and fall unconscious. Certainly, the risk will increases within different interval of time period. So, saving for future investment is an essence to run smoothly. So, monetary value forecasting about future operation is the operation is the important for entrepreneurship development. Netflix, Amazon, Google or MC Donalds are the some successful entrepreneurs because of their good services with creative innovation in the competitive market. Netflix has created entertainment wit new techniques based on "stay at home". People lives in their own home and watch complete series and movies on their Netflix account. It indicates not only profit to Netflix entrepreneurs but also cuisine and snacks from online home delivery rapidly increases. Exactly, this types of connection between marketing of one entrepreneurs to other as public demands, motives the successful of investors. We can also look to smaller farms which contributes a lot to society. For instances, the new innovation of the iphone brands by Steve Jobs created the Apps Store.From this WhatsApps and Angry Birds are allowed. Similarly, Instagram, Facebook and twitters have proven popular social network. These are good example of successful entrepreneurs throughout their skills, labor, innovation and are, definitely the inspirations for newly emergent.

To be successful entrepreneurs, it is really a difficult job. However, there are some false concept and general myth about entrepreneurs in our society. They are:

1. Entrepreneurs, like leaders, are born, not made

2. Entrepreneurs are academic and social misfit 

3. To be entrepreneurs one need much money only

4. To be entrepreneurs, a great idea is only ingredient 

5. Entrepreneurs are only commander, with high personality

In conclusions, role of youth in leading development outweighs many advantages for positive development of society. Successful leaders requires better skills, characteristics and motivation. The academic institution and other training agencies should promote to young humans about entrepreneurship in long-term and multifaceted view to uplift self-career and overall economic development of the nation. 

Engineering Design and Technology

 

It is indisputably important for educational reformers and technocrats to develop new innovations that incline towards the broader engineering curriculum and researches. Engineers, today motive towards the skills and art to develop a concept of raising their mind ability in order to increase creativity and a more even temperament. In my opinion, the design and technology phenomenon is similar to the scientific methods, but there are subtle differences. Basically, engineering design and technology is the way that science, mathematical and design philosophies are applied to result out solution of problems or product. However, slight differences is that design problems are computed by using principles and formula of math and science while technology works on more trial and error, that refined over a long period of time. In this way, we will discuss the topic into two compartment separately and overall similarities and comparisons are made throughout in an essay.

"Design" refers to the "to make or draw plans for something." It is also called as pattern used to decorate the existing things. From engineering point of view, design is defined as planar specifications for the construction of object or system of an activity product or process or the plan in the form of prototype. The American Heritage Dictionary defines design as: "To conceive or fashion in the mind; invent", and "To formulate a plan", and defines engineering as "The applications of scientific and mathematical principles to practical ends. Such as design manufacture, and operation of efficient and economical structures, machines, processes and systems". By combining both 'engineering' and 'design' it reflects these are the problem solving with the applications of scientific theories and mathematical principles". To made the distinction of design versus engineering, scientists at Xeron PARC describes synonymous as "moving mind" versus "moving atom"("engineer" from Latin "in genio" in meaning of a "genius" what assume existence of a "mind" not of an "atom"). This is further exemplified by specifying the area dealt with( such as a textile designer, fashion designer, product designer, interior designer, concept designer, graphic designer or web designer) but also others such as architects and engineers. Many civil engineers used structural design of building bridge and other high rise construction through common design method, possibly based on their creativity and motiveness. By the same token, computer and mechanical engineers used to create new software and machineries throughout their complication of knowledge, involving considerable research, negotiation, reflection, modeling, interactive adjustment and re-design procedures. Many engineering programs such as civil, mechanical, computer, electronics, electrical, chemical, mining and so on applies their knowledge and skills as per their field of nano-interest ( interest in certain subject of their program)  and relies out method of design that may include drawing, architectural blueprints, coding, circuit diagram, business processes, craft-work, modeling pattern etc. to satisfy certain goals and constraints. Regardless, the collaborative effort of design supports new ideas for entire development of technology in collective ways.

The term "technology" refers to the applications of scientific methods and materials used to achieve commercial or industrial objectives. The origin of technology is derived from Greek, "tekhnologia", systematic treatment of an art or craft and logia-logy in Indo-European roots.

In classical Greek it is defined as systematic treatment. Since, the definition of technology is applied science or knowledge that pit into practical use to solve into problems or invent useful tools. It can be broadly defined as the entities, both material and immaterial, created by the application of mental and physical to get out some output. It is tools and machines that may be used to solve real world problems. The Merriam-Webster Learner's Dictionary define the term, "The use of science in industry, engineering etc., to invent useful things or to solve problems" and "a machine, piece of equipment, method etc., that is created by Technology" The ascent of human technology began in earnest at the Neolithic Period ( New Stone Age). Stone axes was invented and allowed for the clearance of forest in huge scale. "Pointed weapons of stone"  was used for hunting animals by humans for their livelihood. Invention of energy source like fire with many profound uses was a turning point in the technological evolution. Evidence for technologies, we are very much familiar are computers, cell phones, spaceships, digital video players, highly sophisticated machines, advanced military equipment, automatic teller machines etc. Furthermore, increased in research of instructional procedures,

the new devices and equipment to support health related problems like physical disabilities and sensory impairment has shown witness to a dramatic evolution. Technologies like teaching, instructional, assistive, medical, productivity tools and information ( Blackhurst and Edyburn, 2000) are six types of technology recognized through current perspectives. Each these type of six technologies has significant implication and are described each through a sort of example: 

Medical technology: the heart patient required a clinical battery to support the heartbeat for its regulation.

Assistive technology: a voice-operated computer designed to teach about telecommunication.

Instructional technology: Methodologies to design database from software program.

Technology of teaching: A curriculum designed between instructor and students accordance to the principles of near-errorless learning.

Productivity tool technology: Colleagues will be able to set up a database, enter and retrieve effective information in group.

Information technology: use miscellaneous information through computer and internet which could be stored in database.

Technological development has many positive impacts and limitation too. Human race are

feasible and days are become shorter, convenient and faster which are merit of technology while some negative impacts are pollution, worsen to human life and development as well as bio-ethics. It influences the value of society and arise a question about "technological ethics". For example, the blast of bomb may took over millions of life within a second while its efficient use may helpful for constructions of roads and many development works in many obstacles geography. Thus, technology is the consequences and result of science that are applied to solve the problems of real world entities.

The exact relation between science, engineering design and technology is not very clear and it is obviously a matter of degree to debate. In late 20th century scientist, historians and policy makers advocate in this part and inform the funding of basic and applied science. Science is the knowledge based on observation and experiment of physical or material world. It is simply the collection of theories, formula and principle. Engineering design is the goal-oriented process for making tools and system based on natural process and techniques of science (all verified theories, formula and principles)  for practical human means. The technology is the third step in this concern and it is often a by-product of science and engineering design. A good example to distinguish these relation is, E=mc², the theory of relativity (energy-mass relation). On the basis of observation and experiment science has developed formula and theory of relativity. Looking from different perspectives to this formula and analyzed and designed on the basis of fission and fusion viz. destructive power and direct result of equation. The nuclear power, as applied science, and design results in an Atom bomb, which is of course the technological development. Thus the nuclear power from Uranium and Platinum, the Atom bomb (destructive power) is technological development due to the principle of mass-energy relation (science) and design philosophies.

In conclusion, the entire technology is the result of science and technical design which is basically based on theories principles, observation of the nature and system. New research and innovation of scientific application is qualitatively based on the design and technology, which is quite inseparable for sequential study and progresses.

 

Science of Meditation

From the very beginning period of human life in an ancient eastern heritage mentioned in Hindu text as old as 5000 years, practiced by sages and seers for their individual welfare. Later after 2600 years back, the major icon of meditation was brought into lime light by Gautam Buddha. For the human welfare along with lot of compassion, boudha distributed the technique of meditation common to all. But the concept was different at different times as per their prevailing languages. Lord Mahabir and subsequently Christians, Jews, Mushlims, Sikhs and almost all meditate and preached for continuous awareness. Shri Aurbindo, Maharishi, Raman, Mahesh Yogi, Osho and Brahmakumaris recommend meditation. Looking from this series of historical detail, there is no doubt that all these time spent for meditation is the golden investment for us, and now there is at most more than 100s meditational techniques is practiced due to their modification accordance with time, place and spiritual needs.

 

Human body is the combination of two components; physical and non-physical being(spiritual) wherein physical body needs medication and spiritual body requires meditation for perfect health. Both medication and meditation are derived from common root- meditari(Latin) means healing. 'Sadhna' is the simply art and skills for the purification of minds and also something beyond. Depending upon the reachment of different levels of minds, meditations have many purposes of outcomes as per their personalities and motive. However, meditation is trail of experience rather than expression. Based on the information collected from different sources, the effects of healing on human body parts are discussed on: 

 

Mind

Human body is the very important and sensitive parts of body and its effects on body is measured in laboratory by estimating neurochemicals, and demonstrated on the basis of imagination. The logical determinations and popular saying of human mind are point out below:

Ø Mind is the master of non-physical structures while brain and body are servants.

Ø  Mind is the king i.e. it first happens but we are slaves.

Ø  Mind is restless and cluttered by thoughts, desires and memories.

Ø  Pure mind is heaven while evil mind is hell.

Ø  Mind can be best friend or worst foe.

Ø  Mind and body are two sides of coin-meaning inseparable.

Ø  Mind can't be seen in laboratory only its effect on physcal level can be measured.

Ø  Learning to focus the mind is basic necessity for beginners.

Ø  Epigeneticist Dr. Bruce Lipton estimates that more than 90% of diseases have roots in mind and caused by stress.

Ø  Learning to focus the mind is basic necessity for beginners.

Ø  Purifications of mind is the purpose of life.

Ø  The purpose of meditation is to purify the mind.

 

Faculty procedures of mind

Buddha explains the working of mind on the basis of 4-faculties:

First Faculty:- It immediately cognizes that something has happened.

Second Faculty:- It recognizes and evaluate on the basis of past conditioning (experiences).

Third Faculty:- It feels an experience of sensation.

Fourth Faculty:- It reaches towards these feelings(sensation) by craving(raga) or aversion(dwesh).

All these faculties do their jobs with high speed.

The missing link found by Buddha is "people react towards the body sensations which are painful or pleasant and not to the outside situation or person," they are only the triggering factors. Due to these reactions, release the number of neurochemicals, the effects which on brain and body last for variable time depending of the severity of negativity. The sources of negativity in the deep-rooted mind while the mind training techniques and drugs act at a level of neurochemicals, which is a directly well address by "Meditation".

Actually, when reaction on the mind takes place, there are two distinct changes.

  1.   Breath loses its normal rhythm and     

2. There are sensationson body.

With continuous practiceof meditation mind will develop faculty of awareness (by focusing on breath) and equanimity (by not reacting to these sensations). In this way the barrier between two mind (conscious and unconscious) breaks and everything become super conscious and habit pattern of blind reaction reduces and gradually stops. There is significant evidence of greater brain of monks who practice Buddhist meditation. The brain activity called gamma wave activity, in area associated with learning and happiness were activated in comparisons to those who didn't practice meditation. Mental processes like attention, memory learning and conscious perception are involved through gamma wave. The high activity in area shows positive emotions, peace and happiness. If once we know the working procedures of mind, we need to master the technique to trained the mind not to avoid other misery.

 

Heart

It is the important functional organ of human biology. Regular practice on meditation supports our heart in many ways- from coping with stress to maintaining blood pressures. When our mind becomes calm, the heart starts working viz. contraction and relaxatation naturally. Then after, a natural wave of heart continuously proceeds in smooth and efficient way. Researcher has found that, regular practice can positively affect the measures of heart health known as heart rate variability (HRV). HRV shows how fast your heart makes small changes in time interval between each heartbeat. For healthier heart, the level of HRV should be high. A study in 2013 found that low HRV is associated with a 32% to 45% increased risk of heart attack or stroke among people without any symptoms of cardiovascular diseases.In the same year, study found that people who did five minutes of meditation daily for 10 days had a better HRV compared with those who didn't meditate. Therefore, we may able to raise our HRV with regular meditation for healthy life.The high quality studies of experts also reflect that meditation can modestly lowers the blood pressure. A statement published in Hypertension in 2013 (American Heart Association) analyses pooled result from nine studies. It was found that on average, meditation lowered systolic blood pressures (the top number) by 4.7 milligrams of mercury (mm Hg) and diastolic blood pressures (the bottom number) by 3.2 mm Hg.

 

Others Organs

"Relaxation of body has a great positive vibration on major vital part-mind and heart of the body. The complex structures of humans body and their system do their job accordingly as per their biological activities. The energy and immune system will strong spontaneously with daily practice of meditation. The pattern of digestion and reproduction will increase a lot. There is no doubt about respiration systems which in turn inhale and exhale of air naturally and properly during practice hours improves a lot. Mindfulness meditation will develops our sensational organs. This organ (eye, ear, nose, tongue etc.) fosters and become more in activity. It helps off illness, pain and infection.

All these statement can be better known by examples of various studies in different time period. In one study testing immune function, flu shots were given to volunteers who had meditate for eight weeks and people who didn't meditate. Blood test taken later showed the meditation groups had higher level of antibodies produced against the flu virus, according to the study in Psychosomatic Medicine."Sadhana" has a great role in women health too. Those who are struggling with infertility, pre-menstrual syndrome (PMS) and even breast-feeding can be highly improved. The research on this shows that, when women get on meditation regularly, PMS symptoms subsided by 58%.By same token, another finding is that hot flashes were less intense among meditating women.

 

Health related effects on meditation

1. During meditation oxygen consumption is reduced by 16%, even greater than reduction of 12% that occurs during sleep.

2. Diurnal fluctuation in secretion of stress hormone.

3. Neural structures thatare intimately related to the control of the autonomic nervous system are activated, more of parasympathetic drive.

 

Because of numerous good effects on health, including control of several diseases, many doctors, psychotherapists and other health professional are increasingly adding meditation techniques to their practice of mainstream, as prescription. They consider meditation as a key element of an integrated health program.

 

Some of the diseases which find out the beneficial effects of meditation in medical literature on internet or journals are:

Ø  Arthritis 

Ø  Allergies

Ø  Asthma

Ø  Hypertension

Ø  Caronary artery diseases

Ø  Irritable bowel diseases

Ø  Heart burn

Ø  Constipation 

Ø  Tension, Headaches and Migraines

Ø  PMS and menstrual discomfort

Ø  Menopausal problems

Ø  Pain in the back, hips and knees/ Fibromyalgia

Ø  Depression and anxiety 

Ø  Substance abuse

Ø  Skin disorder, e.g. Psoriasis

Ø  Chronic fatigue syndrome

Ø  Stroke

Ø  Overweight with Obesity

Ø  Sleep disorder 

Ø  Terminal cancer related pain and other problems.

 

Many psychosomatic and lifestyle disorders can be totally or practically eliminated with practice of meditation over a sufficient period. Stress can be very nicely tackled with learning art of meditation. It is estimated that concerned parties who meditated over a period of five years had over 50% reduction in doctor visits and hospital admissions.

Dr. Andrew Newberg et. al. from Philadelphia published a path of breaking paper on Jan 2011 that revolutionized the belief of scientific world. It was SPECT study on Buddhist lamas. It proved that higher meditative states are no more hallucinations; These are actual neurological events:

1.   The parietal lobe of the brain is thought to be responsible of giving us a sense of our orientation in time and space. By blocking all sensory and cognitive input into this area, meditation results in the sense of no space and no time. During SPECT study, it was demonstrated that there was significant reduction of rCBF during depth of meditation by Lamas.

2.   The second important finding was observed in prefrontal lobe. As we know, this area is well developed only in human race and therefore human have higher cognition, capacity of judgment, intuitive memory and complex tasks, including tactfulness along with rational evolved behavior with social etiquette. The more the developed area, the person is more intelligent. During deep meditation, it is recorded that rCBF increases in this area. I think, therefore all mediators doing a practice over few months to years, they are cognitively more evolved and their behavior is more compassionate. Also it tells us that meditation is a higher state of consciousness.

These findings of SPECT study are reproducible, with different meditation. Although, meditation has its limitation for certain groups who are suffering from psychosis, severe depression or confusional states: extreme anxiety state as well as demented people.

 

In conclusion, meditation is boon for human race by looking it into proven scientific technique, both in laboratory and experimental level. The positive wave in body and their detrimental effects on physical and spiritual accomplishment for purity of life is its major application for peace and harmony of our society and world, as a large.